Identification of Bamboo Research

竹纤维作为一种来源丰富.可再生.可降解的资源性纤维.开发利用前景广阔.受到了越来越多人的关注. Bamboo as a source of abundant, renewable, biodegradable fibers of resources, development and utilization prospects, has been growing concern. 人们对竹纤维的基本化学组成.组织形态.理化性能进行了大量的基础研究.并通过不同方法对竹纤维及其产品进行了开发. People on the bamboo fiber's basic chemical composition, morphology, physical and chemical properties of a large number of basic research, and through different methods of bamboo fiber and its products were developed. 竹原纤维为纯天然纤维.纤维性能优异.产品具有特殊的风格.并且具有优异的抗菌性能.夏季干爽舒适性好. Of pure bamboo fiber is natural fiber, fiber performance, the product has a special style, and has excellent antibacterial properties, and good dry and comfortable in summer. 竹浆纤维则由于纺丝过程而在性能上受到很大损伤.强力低.结晶度低.大分子排列较稀疏.回潮率高.属于与普通粘胶纤维相似的再生纤维素纤维. Bamboo fiber spinning process is due in performance by the great damage, low strength, low crystallinity, large molecules arranged in sparse, high moisture regain, are similar to ordinary viscose rayon regenerated cellulose fiber. 竹浆纤维虽然改善了竹原纤维的强度不匀率.伸长率.纤维韧性和耐磨性等都有所增加.但其一些天然特性也遭到破坏.纤维的除臭.抗菌.防紫外线功能出现一定程度的下降.湿强力也下降较多. Although the bamboo fiber bamboo fiber improved the strength of irregularity, elongation, toughness and wear resistance of fiber and so has increased, but some of its natural properties were also damaged, fiber deodorant, antibacterial, anti-ultraviolet a certain degree of decline, the wet strength has declined more.

由于竹原纤维与麻类纤维.竹浆纤维与粘胶纤维的形态结构和理化性质相近.给鉴别工作带来很大困难. Because bamboo fiber and hemp fiber, bamboo fiber and viscose fiber morphology and physical and chemical properties similar to the differential has caused great difficulties. 国内外有关竹纤维鉴别方面的标准.只有SN/T1901-2007<七种纺织纤维的系列鉴别方法>中提及竹浆纤维及另外六种纤维的定性鉴别方法. Identification of domestic and foreign standards of bamboo fiber, only SN/T1901-2007 "a series of seven methods of identification of textile fibers" in reference to the six fibers of bamboo fiber and other qualitative methods of identification. 但是没有说明如何鉴别与其结构.性能相近的粘胶纤维.竹原纤维.麻类纤维及其混纺产品. But did not explain how to identify their structure, properties similar to viscose fiber, bamboo fiber, hemp fiber and blended products.

1竹浆与竹原纤维的鉴别方法 A bamboo and bamboo fiber identification method

竹原纤维和竹浆纤维虽然都以竹作为基础原料.但制作工艺完全不同.性能差异很大. Bamboo fiber and bamboo fiber bamboo as a basis although all raw materials, but the production process is completely different, very different performance. 周建萍[4]通过对竹原纤维和竹浆纤维的对比认为.竹浆纤维的性能更为优越.表现为强伸度变异系数小.伸长率大.纤维韧性.耐磨性.可纺性较好. ZHOU Jian-ping [4] through the bamboo fiber and bamboo fiber comparison that the performance of bamboo fiber is superior, showing strength and elongation were smaller, elongation, fiber toughness, wear resistance, spinnability than good. 其对两种竹纤维化学和热学性能研究结果见表1. The two kinds of bamboo fiber chemical and thermal properties of the results in Table 1.

表1 竹原纤维和竹浆纤维化学和热学性能对比表 Table 1 bamboo fiber and bamboo pulp fiber chemical and thermal properties comparison table

王越平等.孙居娟等研究发现.从结构上看.竹原纤维属典型的纤维素I型结晶.结晶度高.大分子排列规整,截面形态呈腰子形.有中腔.壁上有裂纹. Wang Yueping and so on, Sun Jujuan other study found that, from a structural point of view, bamboo fiber is a typical type I cellulose crystallinity, crystallinity, molecular arrangement of regular; was kidney-shaped cross-section shape, with the cavity, the wall cracks. 而竹浆纤维属典型的纤维素II型结晶.结晶度低.截面形态与普通粘胶纤维没有差别.呈多边形不规则状.边缘呈锯齿形.纵向表面有许多凹槽.使得竹浆纤维具有较好的吸湿.放湿性.同时增强了纤维之间的抱合力.有利于纺纱加工. The bamboo fiber is a typical type II crystalline cellulose, low crystallinity, cross-sectional shape and there is no difference between ordinary viscose fiber, irregular polygon-like, serrated edges, vertical surface, there are many grooves, making bamboo fiber good moisture, put wet, while enhancing the cohesion between the fibers, is conducive to spinning. 从性能上看.竹原纤维的结晶度.热稳定性和抗菌性能均好于竹浆纤维,竹原纤维属高强低伸型纤维.而竹浆纤维属低强高伸的柔弱型纤维,竹浆纤维的回潮率与粘胶一致为13%.而竹原纤维的回潮率为6%~7%. From a performance point of view, bamboo fiber crystallinity, thermal stability and anti-bacterial properties are better than bamboo pulp fiber; bamboo fiber is high strength and low elongation fiber, and bamboo fiber is a low strength and high elongation of the soft type of fiber; bamboo fiber consistent with the moisture regain of 13% rayon, and bamboo fiber moisture regain of 6% to 7%.

周秋宝等报道.竹原纤维与竹浆纤维能溶解于不同浓度的硫酸.盐酸和硝酸中.溶解速率表现各异.竹浆纤维的耐碱性比竹原纤维要好.都可溶解于氯化钙与甲酸混合液.次氯酸钠溶液和铜氨溶液中.而两者均不溶于其他所试24个有机溶剂. ZHOU Qiu-Po and other reports, the bamboo fiber and bamboo fiber can be dissolved in different concentrations of sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and nitric acid, the dissolution rate of the performance of different, alkali bamboo fiber is better than the bamboo fiber, calcium chloride and formic acid can be dissolved in mixture of sodium hypochlorite solution and copper ammonia solution, both of which do not dissolve in the trial of 24 other organic solvents. 竹原纤维的抗紫外能力明显高于竹浆纤维.而两者着色样的抗紫外性能比原样有较大提高. Bamboo fiber bamboo fiber was significantly higher than UV, and UV properties of the two color samples have greatly improved than that of original. 杨庆斌等研究了热处理对竹原纤维和竹浆纤维力学性能的影响. Yang Qingbin other of heat treatment on the natural bamboo fiber and bamboo fiber mechanical properties. 结果表明.竹原纤维具有较高初始模量.湿态时纤维力学性能较之干态有明显下降. The results showed that bamboo fiber has a high initial modulus, fiber mechanical properties when wet than the dry state decreased significantly. 竹浆纤维除断裂伸长外.其各项拉伸断裂力学性能指标均远远低于竹原纤维. In addition to bamboo fiber elongation, but its tensile mechanical properties were far below the bamboo fiber.

以上研究表明.竹原纤维和竹浆纤维在结构和性能上有一定的差异.如外观形态.晶体结构.结晶度.力学性能.热稳定性.着色性能等方面. Above studies show that the bamboo fiber and bamboo fiber in the structure and performance have some differences, such as morphology, crystal structure, crystallinity, mechanical properties, thermal stability, color performance and so on. 但是由于操作复杂或当粘胶和麻类等结构.性能相近的纤维存在时.快速.准确的鉴别这两种纤维存在较大的困难.至今没有相应的标准. However, due to complicated to operate or when the structure of viscose and linen, the performance is similar to the presence of fibers, fast and accurate identification of these two fibers there is a big difficulty, there has been no corresponding standards.

2竹浆纤维鉴别方法研究进展 2 Progress in Identification of Bamboo Fiber

陈宝喜等通过试验.确定了在硫酸溶液浓度(60±0.5)%.溶解温度(25±2)℃.溶解时间(20±2)min等条件下可准确.便捷地确定竹浆纤维/棉纤维混纺产品纤维含量. Chen Baoxi such as through tests to determine the concentration of sulfuric acid (60 ± 0.5)%, melting temperature (25 ± 2) ℃, dissolution time (20 ± 2) min and other conditions can be accurately and easily determine the bamboo fiber / cotton fiber blended fiber content. 刘兰芳等提出.37%盐酸在温度25℃.时间为10min条件下和甲酸-氯化锌溶液在温度50℃.时间90min条件下.可利用溶解法测定棉纤维与竹浆纤维的双组分纺织品混纺比. Liu Lanfang and other proposed 37% hydrochloric acid at temperature 25 ℃, time was 10min conditions and formic acid - zinc chloride solution at temperature 50 ℃, time 90min conditions, can be determined by dissolving cotton fiber and textile bamboo fiber's two-component blend ratio.

马顺彬等研究表明.竹浆纤维和粘胶纤维的燃烧特征相同.只是在残渣的颜色上有所区别.竹浆纤维的残渣颜色是深灰色.粘胶纤维残渣颜色是灰白色. Ma Shunbin other studies have shown that bamboo fiber and viscose fiber combustion characteristics of the same color only in the residues differ, the bamboo fiber residue color is dark gray, the color is gray viscose fiber residue. 二者纵向均有沟槽.横向截面的边缘有不规则的锯齿形.只是竹浆纤维无皮芯结构.而粘胶纤维有皮芯结构. Both have longitudinal grooves, transverse section with irregular serrated edges, but no skin-core structure of bamboo fiber, and viscose fibers have skin-core structure. 二者溶解性能相同.红外光谱吸收图谱相似.无法用于鉴别. Solubility between the two the same, similar IR absorption spectra can not be used for identification. 隋淑英等利用X射线衍射法测得竹浆纤维结晶度为31.6% ,粘胶纤维的结晶度为30% ,二者的结晶度基本相同. Shu-Ying Sui and other X-ray diffraction crystallinity of bamboo fiber measured 31.6%, viscose 30% crystallinity, the crystallinity of the two is basically the same. 阎贺静等通过扫描电镜分析发现竹浆纤维横截面布满了孔洞.说明它具有优良的吸湿透气性. Yan Hejing such analysis by scanning electron microscopy cross-section of bamboo fiber filled with holes, indicating that it has excellent moisture permeability. 粘胶纤维形态结构与竹浆纤维相似.但横截面没有孔洞. Morphological structure of viscose fiber and bamboo fiber is similar to the cross section but no holes. 对纤维的热失重分析表明.竹浆纤维耐热分解性能比粘胶纤维差. On the TGA showed that fiber, bamboo fiber thermal decomposition worse performance than the viscose fiber. 张涛等通过研究提出粘胶纤维-OH较竹浆纤维活泼性大.竹浆纤维在3450cm-1~3250cm-1处的-OH吸收比粘胶纤维明显弱.这是鉴别这两种纤维的有效手段之一. Zhang Tao, etc. viscose fiber made through research-OH lively than the big bamboo fiber, bamboo fiber in the 3450cm-1 ~ 3250cm-1-OH absorption at significantly weaker than that of viscose fibers, which is the effective identification of these two fibers one of the means. 李志红等提出通过显微镜观察纵向形态特征.可快速区别于Lyocell.棉以及甲壳素纤维,用37%盐酸.常温下观察溶解情况.Modal迅速溶解.普通粘胶纤维溶解但比Modal度稍慢.竹浆纤维只有部分溶解. Li Zhihong and other proposed vertical morphological characteristics observed through the microscope, can be quickly distinguished from Lyocell, cotton and chitin; with 37% hydrochloric acid at room temperature observed dissolution, Modal quickly dissolved, but the ordinary viscose fiber dissolved slower than the degree of Modal, bamboo pulp fiber only partially dissolved. 用密度梯度管测定密度.竹纤维密度明显低于普通粘胶.Lyocell.Modal和棉. Determination of density by density gradient tubes, bamboo viscose fiber density was significantly lower than normal, Lyocell, Modal and cotton. 杨元通过研究指出可通过着色法和燃烧法或通过比较拉伸性能来区分竹浆纤维和粘胶纤维. Yang pointed out that through research by shading and burning method or by comparing the tensile properties to distinguish between fiber and viscose fiber bamboo. 杨建平等利用浓度55-90%的硫酸溶液来定性鉴别竹浆纤维和Modal纤维.并通过对溶液粘度的定量分析鉴定粘胶和竹浆纤维的混合体中竹浆纤维的混合比. Yang Jianping, etc. using the concentration of 55-90% sulfuric acid solution to the qualitative identification of bamboo fiber and Modal fibers, and through the identification of quantitative analysis of viscosity and bamboo viscose fiber mixture ratio in the mixture of bamboo fiber.

竹浆纤维和棉纤维的定性定量分析方法取得了一定的进展.但是竹浆纤维和粘胶纤维目前正在进行的密度法研究.溶解度法研究.显微镜观察法等研究.因操作复杂或区分效果不明显.在应用中都有很大的局限性.始终没有被推广. Bamboo fiber and cotton fiber qualitative and quantitative analysis made some progress, but bamboo fiber and viscose fibers currently being studied density, solubility method, microscopy and other research, because the result is not complicated to operate, or differentiate Obviously, in the application has significant limitations, has not been spread.

3竹原纤维鉴别方法展 3 Identification of bamboo fiber development

竹原纤维与麻类纤维的结构及性能相似.其显微形态与麻类纤维有许多相似之处.不易区分. Bamboo fiber and hemp fiber structure and properties similar to the microstructure morphology and hemp fibers have many similarities, not easy to distinguish. 石红等研究指出.常规方法中纤维投影法.密度法.溶解法等方法不适合定性鉴别竹原纤维和亚麻纤维. Of red stone that conventional methods of fiber projection method, the density method, solution method and other methods are not suitable for qualitative identification of bamboo fiber and flax fiber. 根据亚麻和竹原纤维分子结构中-CH.-CH2.-CH3个数(聚合度)的差异.发现红外光谱图在2900cm-1和2850cm-1处存在较为明显的差异.利用此光谱图可以定性鉴别亚麻和竹原纤维. Linen and bamboo fiber according to the molecular structure of-CH,-CH2,-CH3 number (degree of polymerization) of the differences found in the IR spectra of 2900cm-1 and 2850cm-1 is more obvious differences existing at the use of this spectrum can be qualitatively Identification of flax and bamboo fiber. 田慧敏等[27]指出竹原纤维的表面有明显的沟槽和节纹.次生层呈三层同心层结构.次生外层的微纤与纤维轴近乎平行排列.内部有大量的空洞. Tian Huimin et al [27] pointed out that the surface of bamboo fiber and the section of trench obvious pattern, the secondary level was three concentric layers, the outer layer of micro fiber and secondary fiber axis nearly parallel, a large number of empty inside. 通过红外光谱计算的结晶度指数表明竹原纤维的结晶度仅次于苎麻纤维.高于亚麻纤维和棉纤维. Calculated by IR crystallinity index showed that the crystallinity of bamboo fiber after the fiber, higher than the flax fiber and cotton fiber. 竹原纤维具有更强的分子间的氢键.纤维素的晶型以Iβ为主.其Iβ的含量低于棉纤维.但是高于亚麻纤维. Bamboo fiber has the stronger intermolecular hydrogen bonds, cellulose Iβ crystal form to the main content of the Iβ than cotton fiber, but higher than that of flax fibers. 何建新等测得了毛竹与苎麻.亚麻原料的化学组成和单纤维尺寸,见表2. He had build a new measure such as bamboo and ramie, flax raw material chemical composition and single-fiber size, see Table 2. 通过X衍射表明竹原纤维的结晶度和晶粒的取向度与苎麻相近.高于亚麻和棉纤维.竹原纤维的晶粒尺寸大于其他三种纤维. X-bamboo fiber diffraction shows that the crystallinity and grain orientation degree and ramie are similar, higher than that of flax and cotton fiber, bamboo fiber in the grain size is larger than the other three fibers.

表2毛竹与兰麻.亚麻原料的化学组成和单纤维尺寸 Table 2 bamboo and blue hemp, flax raw material chemical composition and size of single-fiber

高路等对几种纤维做出了初步鉴别并得出以下结论:纤维长度在3mm左右.截面呈卵圆形且中腔较大.无麻节的可确定为黄麻纤维,单纤维长度大多在80mm~120mm.截面较粗.腰圆形.中腔压扁.壁上有裂纹.纵向有麻节的为苎麻纤维,截面呈多边形且中腔较小.纵向有麻节的为亚麻纤维,单纤维粗细差异较大.长度在25mm左右.截面形状腰圆形.中腔压扁.纵向表面较粗糙.有横节竖纹的为大麻纤维,纤维极短.在3mm左右.截面近似圆形且中腔较小.纵向粗糙.似树皮状.无竹节的为竹原纤维. High Road and other fibers made of several preliminary identification and concluded: fiber length of about 3mm, oval cross-section in the chamber and the larger, non-Ma section can be identified as jute fiber; mostly in single-fiber length 80mm ~ 120mm, thick cross-section, round the waist, flattening in the cavity, the walls have cracks, longitudinal section of a hemp for ramie fiber; polygonal cross-section was smaller in the cavity and the longitudinal section of a hemp fiber for linen; Single large difference in fiber thickness, about 25mm in length, cross section round the waist, flattening in the cavity, the rough vertical surface, a cross-section of Shu Wen for hemp fiber; fiber is very short in the 3mm or so, and the quasi-circular cross-section smaller in the cavity, vertical rough, like bark-like, no bamboo for bamboo fiber. 但是其又同时指出单纤维的分离效果对纤维尺寸测量结果的准确性起着至关重要的作用.同时也直接影响到纤维纵横向形态的观察. But it has also pointed out that the separation of single-fiber fiber size measurement accuracy plays a vital role, but also directly affect the shape of the observed longitudinal and transverse fibers. 蔡玉兰等通过13CNMR分析结果计算竹原纤维和苎麻.亚麻.棉纤维样品的晶型含量.与棉纤维和亚麻纤维相比.竹原纤维具有较大的晶粒尺寸.和苎麻纤维接近.见表3. Cai Yulan, etc. calculated by 13CNMR analysis of bamboo fiber and ramie, flax, cotton fiber content of the crystal sample, and compared to cotton and flax fiber, bamboo fiber has a larger grain size, and ramie fiber close, see Table 3 . X射线衍射和核磁共振两种分析结果均显示.竹原纤维的结晶度与苎麻纤维相近.大于棉纤维和亚麻纤维. Two X-ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis have shown that the crystallinity of bamboo fiber and ramie fiber similar to cotton and flax fiber is greater than.

表3 由13C NMR图谱计算的纤维的结晶度和晶型含量 Table 3 13C NMR spectra calculated by the fiber content of crystallinity and crystal

竹原纤维与麻类纤维的鉴别方法.目前正在进行的显微镜观察法.核磁共振法.红外光谱法研究.由于其制样难度及准确性等问题.无法实际应用.因此没有形成相应的鉴别方法标准. Bamboo fiber and hemp fiber identification methods, currently under the microscope observation, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, because of its difficulty and accuracy of sample preparation problems, not the actual application, so there is no standard method of identifying the formation of the corresponding .

综上所述.国内外对于竹纤维的鉴别方法虽然进行了大量的研究.但是由于操作复杂或因区分效果不明显.在应用中都有很大的局限性.始终没有被推广. To sum up, at home and abroad for the Identification of bamboo fiber for a lot of research though, but the distinction between the operation of complex or not obvious because, in the application has many limitations, has not promoted. 因此.竹纤维快速.简便.有效的鉴别方法是今后的研究方向. Therefore, the bamboo fiber fast, simple and effective method of identifying a future research direction.